| CPC H04N 19/13 (2014.11) [H04N 19/159 (2014.11); H04N 19/172 (2014.11); H04N 19/174 (2014.11); H04N 19/436 (2014.11); H04N 19/44 (2014.11); H04N 19/46 (2014.11); H04N 19/577 (2014.11); H04N 19/70 (2014.11); H04N 19/157 (2014.11)] | 16 Claims |

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1. An encoding apparatus comprising at least one processor comprising processor circuitry configured individually and/or collectively to:
encode, in a bitstream, a presence flag indicating that an initialization flag is not included in the bitstream;
for a slice of a picture, select initialization values for initializing an arithmetic coding;
based on the presence flag indicating that the initialization flag is not included in the bitstream, select a first set of initialization values in response to a slice type of the slice being a B slice type, and select a second set of initialization values in response to the slice type of the slice being a P slice type;
initialize the arithmetic coding using the selected initialization values; and
encode one or more syntax elements of the slice using the arithmetic coding.
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