| CPC G02F 1/0147 (2013.01) [G02F 1/212 (2021.01); G02F 1/225 (2013.01)] | 19 Claims |

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1. An opto-electrical system comprising:
a waveguide defining an optical input and an optical output;
a thermo-optic phase shifter (TOPS) comprising:
a first electrical contact and a second electrical contact, and
a resistive heater in electrical communication with the first electrical contact and the second electrical contact,
the TOPS configured to change a first phase of light entering the optical input to a second phase for light exiting the optical output,
the TOPS having a resistance RTOPS,
the TOPS in thermal communication with the waveguide;
a voltage source in electrical communication with the first electrical contact; and
a resistor comprising a first end and a second end, the resistor having a resistance Rs, wherein the first end is grounded, wherein the second end is in electrical communication with the second electrical contact, wherein the resistor is a variable resistor and Rs is a variable resistance.
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