| CPC A61B 34/25 (2016.02) [A61B 17/1671 (2013.01); A61B 34/20 (2016.02); A61B 34/76 (2016.02); G05B 13/0265 (2013.01); G16H 20/40 (2018.01); G16H 40/63 (2018.01); A61B 2017/00115 (2013.01)] | 21 Claims |

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18. A method of determining at least one operation of a tool regarding engagement with a surface, comprising:
sensing a signal based on operation of a motor continuously over selected periods of time;
tracking a pose of the tool;
generating a sensor signal based on the signal continuously over the selected periods of time;
evaluating the sensor signal for the selected periods of time, including determining at least one of (i) a duration of a change in the sensor signal or (ii) a magnitude of a change in the sensor signal or (iii) a pattern of change in the sensor signal over a duration;
determining the at least one operation of the tool regarding engagement of the surface based on the evaluation; and
outputting the determination of the at least one operation of the tool regarding engagement of the surface based on the evaluation, including a determination of an occurrence of skiving;
wherein the motor is configured to drive the tool; and
wherein the determination of the occurrence of skiving is based at least in part on analyzing a pattern of a plurality of voltage spikes of the sensor signal over a selected period of time, and the determination of the occurrence of skiving is based at least in part on a selected amount of movement of the tool in a selected direction.
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