| CPC G06F 12/0246 (2013.01) [G06F 2212/7205 (2013.01); G06F 2212/7211 (2013.01)] | 29 Claims |

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1. A controller configured to:
generate a conversion value according to a number of selected planes during an erase operation and configured to calculate a stress index of a memory block based on the conversion value;
store, in a register, the stress index corresponding to the memory block; and
output a garbage collection signal based on comparing the stress index to a garbage collection reference value;
perform a garbage collection operation based on the garbage collection control signal.
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