| CPC B60L 58/25 (2019.02) [B60L 3/0046 (2013.01); B60L 50/60 (2019.02); H02J 7/0063 (2013.01); G01R 31/374 (2019.01); H01M 10/486 (2013.01); H01M 2220/20 (2013.01); H02J 7/00309 (2020.01)] | 17 Claims | 

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               1. A vehicle comprising: 
            a battery including a plurality of cells; 
                a temperature sensor located at a surface of one of the cells to measure a surface temperature; 
                a motor; and 
                one or more controllers programmed to, responsive to data indicative of an internal cell temperature of one or more of the cells exceeding a threshold, decrease power output from the battery to the motor, wherein the data is based on the surface temperature and a cell heating power parameter derived from a plurality of parameters, including a current output by one or more of the cells, and via a delay timer and a filter having a first sampling rate less than a second sampling rate at which the current is measured. 
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