| CPC H10D 1/692 (2025.01) [H01L 23/5223 (2013.01); H01L 23/5227 (2013.01); H10D 1/20 (2025.01)] | 16 Claims |

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1. An isolated micro-scale passive device comprising:
a first conductor and a second conductor formed on a substrate;
a first insulator layer disposed over the first conductor;
a second insulator layer disposed at least partially between the first insulator layer and the second conductor; and
a plurality of conductive or nonlinear conductive particles embedded in at least a portion of the second insulator layer, wherein:
a first portion of the second insulator layer has a first conductivity; and
the plurality of conductive or nonlinear conductive particles define a second portion of the second insulator layer with a second conductivity greater than the first conductivity.
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