| CPC H01M 4/5835 (2013.01) [B82Y 30/00 (2013.01); B82Y 40/00 (2013.01); C01B 32/192 (2017.08); C01B 32/23 (2017.08); H01G 9/042 (2013.01); H01G 11/22 (2013.01); H01G 11/32 (2013.01); H01G 11/36 (2013.01); H01M 4/0438 (2013.01); H01M 4/133 (2013.01); H01M 4/139 (2013.01); H01M 4/1393 (2013.01); H01M 4/587 (2013.01); H01M 4/62 (2013.01); H01M 6/16 (2013.01); H01M 10/0566 (2013.01); H01M 10/0525 (2013.01); Y02E 60/13 (2013.01)] | 14 Claims |

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1. A lithium secondary battery comprising:
an active material layer comprising:
a particle of an active material; and
a carbon material comprising a six-membered ring composed of carbon atoms,
wherein in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the carbon material, a proportion of carbon atoms is higher than or equal to 80% and lower than 90%,
wherein in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the carbon material, a proportion of oxygen atoms is higher than or equal to 10% and lower than 20%,
wherein a sum of the proportion of the carbon atoms and the proportion of the oxygen atoms is lower than 100%,
wherein in bonds of the carbon atoms, a proportion of sp2-bonded carbon atoms of the carbon atoms measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is higher than or equal to 50% and lower than or equal to 80%, and
wherein the carbon material and the particle of the active material are randomly dispersed in the active material layer.
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5. A lithium secondary battery comprising:
a carbon material comprising:
a six-membered ring composed of carbon atoms; and
a many-membered ring formed when a carbon bond in part of the six-membered ring is broken,
wherein in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the carbon material, a proportion of carbon atoms is higher than or equal to 80% and lower than 90%,
wherein in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the carbon material, a proportion of oxygen atoms is higher than or equal to 10% and lower than 20%,
wherein a sum of the proportion of the carbon atoms and the proportion of the oxygen atoms is lower than 100%, and
wherein in bonds of the carbon atoms, a proportion of sp2-bonded carbon atoms of the carbon atoms measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is higher than or equal to 50% and lower than or equal to 80%.
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10. A lithium secondary battery comprising:
a carbon material comprising:
a six-membered ring composed of carbon atoms; and
a many-membered ring formed when a carbon bond in part of the six-membered ring is broken,
wherein the many-membered ring comprises one of a seven-membered ring, an eight-membered ring, a nine-membered ring, and a ten-membered ring,
wherein in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the carbon material, a proportion of carbon atoms is higher than or equal to 80% and lower than 90%,
wherein in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the carbon material, a proportion of oxygen atoms is higher than or equal to 10% and lower than 20%,
wherein a sum of the proportion of the carbon atoms and the proportion of the oxygen atoms is lower than 100%, and
wherein in bonds of the carbon atoms, a proportion of sp2-bonded carbon atoms of the carbon atoms measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is higher than or equal to 50% and lower than or equal to 80%.
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