| CPC G02F 1/0147 (2013.01) [G02B 6/132 (2013.01); G02B 6/136 (2013.01)] | 17 Claims |

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1. An apparatus comprising:
a substrate comprising silicon;
a base layer on the substrate, wherein the base layer comprises silicon oxide;
a waveguide on the base layer;
a heater over the waveguide, wherein the heater comprises a metal;
a heat transfer layer between the heater and the waveguide, wherein the heat transfer layer comprises a compound of nitrogen and at least one of silicon, aluminum or boron; and
a cladding layer that laterally surrounds the heater, the heat transfer layer, and the waveguide, wherein the cladding layer comprises silicon oxide.
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