| CPC E06B 3/66304 (2013.01) | 58 Claims |

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1. A vacuum insulating panel comprising:
a first glass substrate;
a second glass substrate;
a plurality of spacers provided in a gap between at least the first and second substrates, wherein the gap is at pressure less than atmospheric pressure;
a seal provided at least partially between at least the first and second substrates; and
wherein each of the plurality of spacers comprises ceramic material, and comprises a compressive stress region and a tension stress region, wherein compressive stress in at least part of the compressive stress region is at least about 600 MPa, and tensile stress in at least part of the tension stress region is at least about 25 MPa.
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