| CPC C23C 18/52 (2013.01) [B01J 31/0201 (2013.01); B01J 31/0204 (2013.01); B01J 31/0208 (2013.01); B01J 31/2226 (2013.01); C23C 18/1608 (2013.01); B01J 2531/824 (2013.01)] | 23 Claims |

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1. A method of directly writing a desired pattern of metal on a surface of a substrate, the method comprising:
selectively applying a printable catalyst solution devoid of an amine to a surface of a substrate in the desired pattern, the catalyst solution comprising a catalytic metal salt, a solvent, and an epoxy;
drying the catalyst solution in the desired pattern on the surface of the substrate; and
electroless plating the substrate in a metal aqueous solution,
wherein the solvent comprises at least one of tetrahydrofuran, and toluene, and
wherein the catalytic metal salt comprises one of a chloride, a sulfate, and a nitrate.
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