| CPC C09K 8/03 (2013.01) [B82Y 30/00 (2013.01); E21B 47/13 (2020.05); E21B 49/00 (2013.01); H01F 1/0018 (2013.01); H01F 1/0054 (2013.01); B82Y 15/00 (2013.01); C09K 2208/10 (2013.01)] | 10 Claims |

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1. A method for NMR logging of a geological formation, comprising
injecting or otherwise incorporating hydrophilic hydrophilic-Fe3O4 superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (hydrophilic hydrophilic-Fe3O4 SPIONs) into the geological formation,
generating a magnetic field and detecting a magnetic signal,
wherein the hydrophilic hydrophilic-Fe3O4 SPIONs are made by a process comprising:
mixing an iron-containing precursor with a hydrophilic ligand or capping agent to form a homogeneous suspension;
heating the homogenous suspension to a temperature sufficient to bind the hydrophilic ligand to the iron-containing precursor,
cooling the resulting homogenous suspension,
adding a solvent to the cooled homogeneous suspension to precipitate the hydrophilic-Fe3O4 SPIONs into a slurry,
separating the precipitated hydrophilic-Fe3O4 SPIONs from the slurry, and
washing the hydrophilic-Fe3O4 SPIONs to remove unbound hydrophilic ligands or capping agent, thereby making the hydrophilic hydrophilic-Fe3O4 SPIONs,
wherein the iron-containing precursor is iron(III) acetylacetonate, the hydrophilic ligand or capping agent is polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400), the heating is at a pressure of about 15 to about 45 psi and at a temperature ranging from 175 to 185° C. for at least 12 to 36 hours, the solvent is a mixture of absolute ethanol and diethylether, and the hydrophilic-Fe3O4 SPIONs are washed in ethanol.
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