| CPC C02F 1/442 (2013.01) [B82Y 30/00 (2013.01); C02F 1/56 (2013.01)] | 22 Claims |

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1. A membrane comprising a substrate, an interlayer, and a polymer layer, wherein the interlayer is disposed on a surface of the substrate and the polymer layer is disposed on a surface of the interlayer opposite the substrate, further wherein the substrate comprises a thermoplastic, the interlayer comprises a two-dimensional nanomaterial and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and the polymer layer comprises a polymer.
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