| CPC H10N 30/2047 (2023.02) [H10N 30/06 (2023.02); H10N 30/082 (2023.02); H10N 30/8542 (2023.02); H10N 30/87 (2023.02)] | 16 Claims |

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1. A piezoelectric element comprising:
a piezoelectric layer including a first surface, a second surface opposed to the first surface, and a through-hole extending from the first surface to the second surface;
a first electrode layer adjacent to the first surface of the piezoelectric layer;
a second electrode layer adjacent to the second surface of the piezoelectric layer, at least a portion of the second electrode layer being opposed to the first electrode layer with the piezoelectric layer interposed therebetween, the second electrode layer facing the through-hole; and
a connecting electrode on a connecting surface of the second electrode layer, the connecting surface facing the through-hole;
wherein
the second electrode layer includes silicon as a major component;
the connecting electrode is made of a metal; and
a surface roughness Ra of the connecting surface is greater than a surface roughness Ra of a major surface, the major surface being a portion, other than the connecting surface, of a surface of the second electrode layer, the surface being adjacent to the piezoelectric layer.
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