| CPC H01M 8/188 (2013.01) [H01M 8/023 (2013.01); H01M 2300/0025 (2013.01)] | 16 Claims |
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1. A redox flow battery comprising:
a catholyte comprising a radical dication of a compound of Formula I; and
an anolyte comprising a neutral radical of a compound of Formula I;
wherein the compound of Formula (I) is represented by the following structure:
 wherein:
X is from −4 to +4;
each of R1a, R1b, R1c, R1d, R2a, R2b, R2c, R2d, R3a, R3b, R3c, and R3d is independently H, halide, CF3, NH2, C1-C2 alkyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, C1-C4 dialkyl amino, NO2, CN, CO2R, or Ar1;
or R2a and R3d together form —X1—;
or R1a and R2d together form —X2—;
or R1d and R3a together form —X3—;
or R1a and R1b together with atoms to which they are attached to form a phenyl;
or R2c and R2d together with atoms to which they are attached to form a phenyl;
each of X1, X2 and X3 is independently O, NR4a, PR4a, CR4aR4b, or SiR4aR4b;
each of R4a and R4b is independently H, halide, CF3, C1-C12 alkyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, C1-C4 dialkyl amino, Ar3, -L-Ar3, -L-Z, or -L2-Z2;
each of Y is independently H, halide, OR5a, NR5aR5b PR5aR5b, NO2, CN, CF3, CO2R, N3, or Ar2;
each of R5a, and R5b is independently H, CF3, C1-C12 alkyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, C1-C4 dialkyl amino, Ar4, -L1-Ar4, or -L1-Z1;
each of L and L1 is independently C1-C12 alkylene, C1-C12 heteroalkylene, or arylene;
each of L2 is independently C1-C12 alkylene;
Z and Z1 are each independently a moiety comprising conjugated heterocyclic carbenium;
Z2 is each independently —(OCH2CH2O)nCH3;
n is each independently 1 to 20;
each of R is independently C1-C12 alkyl or aryl;
Ar1, Ar2, Ar3, and Ar4 are each independently unsubstituted or substituted phenyl or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; each of Ar1, Ar2, Ar3, and Ar4 is independently substituted with 0 to 5 substituents; the substituents are each independently selected from the group consisting of halide, CF3, NH2, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylamino, C1-C4 dialkyl amino, NO2, CN, or aryl.
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