| CPC H01L 21/76224 (2013.01) [H10F 39/024 (2025.01); H10F 39/807 (2025.01)] | 13 Claims | 

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               1. A method of forming a deep trench isolation (DTI) structure in a substrate, comprising: 
            etching a trench with a high aspect ratio into a substrate material; 
                repairing surfaces of the trench from damage caused by etching of the trench; 
                growing an epitaxial layer on surfaces of the trench to form a homogeneous passivation region as part of the substrate material; 
                doping the epitaxial layer with an additional dopant to engineer a passivation charge region; 
                performing a charge diffusion process to embed the additional dopant into the substrate material to form an abrupt charge passivation region in the substrate material; 
                forming a conformal liner layer or a conformal barrier layer directly on the homogeneous passivation region in the trench; and 
                filling the trench with an optically reflective material after the charge diffusion process is performed. 
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