| CPC G01S 7/497 (2013.01) [G01S 7/4021 (2013.01); G01S 7/4039 (2021.05); G01S 2007/4975 (2013.01)] | 20 Claims |

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1. A method comprising:
receiving sensor data associated with an environment from a sensor;
determining that a return associated with the sensor data includes a first split return, wherein the first split return indicates two different surfaces associated with a same direction from the sensor;
determining a set of split returns including the first split return and an additional split return;
determining, by a machine-learned (ML) model, a first confidence score indicating that the first split return is associated with surfaces of two objects and a second confidence score indicating that the first split return is associated with particulate matter and a second surface; and
controlling a vehicle based at least in part on at least one of the first confidence score or the second confidence score.
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