| CPC A61B 5/02042 (2013.01) [A61B 5/0205 (2013.01); A61B 5/082 (2013.01); A61B 5/14546 (2013.01); A61B 5/208 (2013.01); A61B 5/7264 (2013.01); G01N 33/497 (2013.01); G01N 33/50 (2013.01); A61B 5/021 (2013.01); A61B 5/024 (2013.01); A61B 5/0816 (2013.01); G01N 33/4975 (2024.05)] | 17 Claims |

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1. A method for detecting hemorrhage in a subject, comprising:
obtaining a breath sample from the subject;
contacting the breath sample with a reactant, wherein the reactant reacts with succinate in the breath sample to form a reaction product, wherein the reaction product exhibits a higher vapor pressure at a given temperature than succinate;
contacting the reaction product with a chemical sensor element, the chemical sensor element comprising a plurality of discrete graphene varactors;
sensing and storing capacitance of the discrete graphene varactors to obtain a sample data set; and
classifying the sample data set into one or more preestablished hemorrhage classifications based on succinate concentrations.
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