| CPC H01M 4/1397 (2013.01) [H01M 4/136 (2013.01); H01M 4/628 (2013.01); H01M 10/0525 (2013.01)] | 23 Claims |

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1. An electrochemical cell comprising:
an anode including an anode reductant;
an electrolyte including a salt of the reductant; and
a cathode including:
a cathode oxidant;
cathode-electrolyte interphase (CEI) extending through the cathode oxidant;
a solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI) layer between the cathode oxidant and the electrolyte; and
an anode-reductant layer between the cathode oxidant and the electrolyte.
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