| CPC H04W 12/121 (2021.01) | 11 Claims |

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1. A method for detecting a global positioning system (GPS) spoofing attack, comprising:
providing a trained deep learning (DL) model based on a neural network;
feeding a GPS signal into the trained DL model;
using asymmetric Shapley values (ASVs) to calculate a plurality of feature contributions;
using the ASVs to assign a non-uniform distribution over an ordering of a plurality of features;
obtaining a plurality of causal structures among the plurality of features;
applying the ASVs to causal Shapley additive explanation to obtain a Shapley attribution;
incorporating the Shapley attribution and the plurality of causal structures;
using Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) to obtain a reason behind signal classification;
detecting the GPS spoofing attack by running the trained DL model and using the plurality of causal structures, the non-uniform distribution, the plurality of feature contributions, the Shapley attribution, the reason behind the signal classification, and incorporation of the Shapley attribution and the plurality of causal structures;
wherein the neural network includes three hidden layers that are followed by a rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation function or a hyperbolic tangent (Tanh) activation function;
using a Bayesian structural causal model (SCM) to construct a graphical representation of a causal relationship among the plurality of features.
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