| CPC H04L 9/3247 (2013.01) [H04L 9/0825 (2013.01); H04L 9/3236 (2013.01); H04L 9/50 (2022.05)] | 20 Claims |

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17. A non-transitory computer-readable data storage medium storing program code executable by a receiving device to perform processing comprising:
receiving a first message from a sending device;
retrieving a digitally signed first block of a hash chain, the first block corresponding to the first message and digitally signed with a first private key corresponding to a first public key, the first block including a link hash of an origin block of the hash chain, a payload hash of a payload of the first message, and a second public key for a second message from the sending device;
retrieving the origin block of the hash chain using the link hash, the origin block including the first public key;
authenticating the origin block in an out-of-band manner with respect to the hash chain;
upon successfully authenticating the origin block, authenticating the first block using the first public key included in the origin block;
calculating the payload hash of the payload of the first message received from the sending device; and
upon successfully authenticating the first block and when the calculated payload hash matches the payload hash included in the first block, performing a first action based on the first message.
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