| CPC G06N 10/40 (2022.01) [G02B 2006/12061 (2013.01); G02B 2006/12142 (2013.01); G02F 2203/12 (2013.01); G02F 2203/15 (2013.01)] | 20 Claims |

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1. A method of addressing a qubit in an array of qubits, the method comprising:
coupling an excitation beam in a first polarization state into a resonator in an array of resonators integrated into a chip;
modulating the excitation beam with the resonator;
coupling the excitation beam from the resonator out of the chip and into free space in a second polarization state orthogonal to the first polarization state; and
illuminating the qubit with the excitation beam.
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