| CPC G06F 40/295 (2020.01) [G06F 40/205 (2020.01); G10L 15/1822 (2013.01)] | 20 Claims |

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1. A method comprising:
receiving one or more training utterances associated with a domain, the domain being associated with
one or more ontology labels that comprise one or more of an intent or a slot;
identifying, for each ontology label, a respective index and a respective span;
obtaining an inventory for the domain, wherein the inventory comprises at least the respective index and the respective span, wherein the respective span comprises a respective descriptive label, and wherein the respective descriptive label comprises a natural-language description of the intent or the slot associated with the one or more ontology labels;
obtaining, based on the one or more training utterances and the inventory by a natural language understanding (NLU) model, a structural representation of a respective training utterance, wherein the structural representation is generated based on a comparison between the respective training utterance and the inventory; and
obtaining an updated NLU model based on the structural representation and the respective training utterance.
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