| CPC A61B 5/14865 (2013.01) [A61B 5/0031 (2013.01); A61B 5/14532 (2013.01); A61B 5/1473 (2013.01); A61B 5/72 (2013.01); A61B 5/742 (2013.01); B01J 13/0013 (2013.01); B05D 5/00 (2013.01); B05D 5/02 (2013.01); C09D 5/028 (2013.01); C09D 5/24 (2013.01); C09D 7/67 (2018.01); C12Q 1/006 (2013.01); G01N 27/327 (2013.01); G01N 27/3271 (2013.01); G01N 27/3335 (2013.01); G01N 27/4168 (2013.01); G01N 33/49 (2013.01); A61B 5/1486 (2013.01); A61B 2560/0475 (2013.01); A61B 2562/0285 (2013.01); A61B 2562/125 (2013.01); B82Y 15/00 (2013.01); B82Y 30/00 (2013.01); B82Y 40/00 (2013.01); G01N 33/66 (2013.01); G01N 2400/00 (2013.01); Y10S 977/773 (2013.01); Y10S 977/81 (2013.01); Y10S 977/896 (2013.01); Y10S 977/92 (2013.01)] | 29 Claims |

|
1. An apparatus, comprising:
a substrate;
a first electrode comprising a first electrically conductive layer formed over a first electrode location of the substrate and a glucose-oxidation layer formed over the first electrically conductive layer, wherein the glucose-oxidation layer comprises numerous nanoparticles having a generally oval or spherical shape with a length ranging between about 2 nm and about 5 nm;
a first terminal formed over a first terminal location of the substrate and electrically connected to the first electrode;
a second electrode comprising a second electrically conductive layer formed over a second electrode location of the substrate;
a second terminal formed over a second terminal location of the substrate and electrically connected to the second electrode;
a reference electrode comprising a third electrically conductive layer formed over a reference electrode location of the substrate; and
a third terminal formed over a third terminal location of the substrate and electrically connected to the reference electrode,
wherein, when the first electrode contacts liquid containing glucose and at least one of ascorbic acid and acetaminophen and when applying a first bias voltage between the first and reference electrodes that is sufficient to oxidize glucose in the glucose-oxidation layer, the glucose-oxidation layer of the first electrode is configured to cause oxidation of glucose and at least one of ascorbic acid and acetaminophen therein and further configured to generate a first electric current representing oxidation of glucose and at least one of ascorbic acid and acetaminophen in the glucose-oxidation layer,
wherein the second electrode is arranged in the apparatus such that, when the first electrode contacts the liquid, the second electrode also contacts the same liquid,
wherein the second electrode does not comprise a glucose-specific enzyme or nanoporous layer for causing oxidation of glucose such that, when applying a second bias voltage between the second and reference electrodes, the second electrode is configured to cause oxidation of at least one of ascorbic acid and acetaminophen and to generate a second electric current representing oxidation of at least one of ascorbic acid and acetaminophen in the second electrode,
wherein the apparatus is configured to provide the first electric current at the first terminal and the second electric current at the second terminal.
|