| CPC H10H 20/855 (2025.01) [B82Y 20/00 (2013.01); H10H 20/821 (2025.01); H10H 20/857 (2025.01); H10H 20/0363 (2025.01)] | 20 Claims |

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1. An illumination apparatus, comprising:
an array of light-emitting elements; and
an array of first passive optical nanostructures, wherein each of the first passive optical nanostructures of the array of first passive optical nanostructures is aligned with a respective light-emitting element of the array of light-emitting elements,
wherein the array of first passive optical nanostructures is formed by the method of:
selectively removing a plurality of first passive optical nanostructures from a first monolithic array of first passive optical nanostructures in a manner that preserves the relative spatial position of the selectively removed first passive optical nanostructures, wherein the plurality of first passive optical nanostructures that are selectively removed from the first monolithic array are selected such that, in at least one direction, for at least one pair of the selectively removed first passive optical nanostructures in the at least one direction, for each respective pair there is at least one respective first passive optical nanostructure that is not selected that was positioned in the first monolithic array between the pair of selectively removed first passive optical nanostructures in the at least one direction, wherein the position of the selective removal relative to the monolithic array of first passive optical nanostructures is based on a determination that a characteristic of the first passive optical nanostructures satisfies a pre-determined measurement threshold for an optical or electrical characteristic;
forming the array of first passive optical nanostructures with the selectively removed first passive optical nanostructures in a manner that preserves the relative spatial position of the selectively removed first passive optical nanostructures.
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