| CPC H10F 77/215 (2025.01) [H10F 71/00 (2025.01)] | 11 Claims |

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1. A method for optimizing an aspect ratio of a metal grid based on surface modification, comprising:
obtaining a photovoltaic module comprising a front electrode;
providing a laser on the front electrode; and
forming protrusion structures on a top of the front electrode by an induction of the laser, at least two rows of protrusion groups forming a confining space, applying a liquid between the protrusion structures, so that a width of the liquid is confined within a spacing between two adjacent protrusion groups;
wherein each of the protrusion groups comprises at least two protrusion structures;
a wavelength of the laser is larger than an optical band gap of a material of the front electrode;
the wavelength of the laser is smaller than an optical band gap of a material at an interface between a buffer layer and an absorber; and
the laser is absorbed at the interface between the buffer layer and the absorber, so that protrusions protrude upward from the interface between the buffer layer and the absorber and pass through the front electrode.
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