| CPC H04L 63/0421 (2013.01) [G06F 21/6254 (2013.01)] | 20 Claims |

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1. A computer-implemented method comprising:
receiving, by a first computer and from an application of a client device, a request for a digital component;
in response to receiving the request:
conducting, by the first computer in collaboration with a second computer, a privacy-preserving selection process using a secure multi-party computation (MPC) protocol to select a first digital component from among a set of digital components by evaluating each rule of a set of selection rules for each digital component, including a privacy-preserving anonymity enforcement rule for each digital component; and
conducting, by the first computer in collaboration with the second computer, a counterfactual selection process using the secure MPC protocol to select a second digital component from among the set of digital components by evaluating each rule of the set of selection rules for each digital component, except for the privacy-preserving anonymity enforcement rule for each digital component;
sending, by the first computer and to the client device, a selection result defining the first digital component; and
updating, by the first computer, a privacy-preserving data structure to indicate that the second digital component was selected by the counterfactual selection process.
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