| CPC H04L 9/0852 (2013.01) [H04L 9/0877 (2013.01); H04L 9/321 (2013.01)] | 17 Claims |

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1. A system, comprising:
at least one memory; and
at least one processor that processes bits, the at least one processor configured to:
perform certificate chain validation comprising validating a plurality of certificates, wherein performing the certificate chain validation comprises:
validating a first signature on a first certificate of the plurality of certificates using a first public key, wherein the first signature is generated for the first certificate by a first quantum computer using a first digital signature generation algorithm based on a first private key, and wherein the first public key and the first private key form a first public/private key pair; and
validating a second signature on a second certificate of the plurality of certificates using a second public key, wherein the second signature is generated for the second certificate by a second quantum computer using a second digital signature generation algorithm based on a second private key, and wherein the second public key and the second private key form a second public/private key pair; and
in response to successfully completing the certificate chain validation, use a third public key in the second certificate to verify a third signature on signed data, wherein the first quantum computer and the second quantum computer processes quantum bits, wherein
the signed data is signed by an end entity device using a third private key of the end entity device;
the third public key and the third private key form a third public/private key pair;
the end entity device comprising a classical computer having at least one processor that processes bits; and
the signed data comprises a message, code, document, file, program, or application signed by the end entity using the third private key.
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