| CPC H01G 9/2018 (2013.01) [H01G 9/2059 (2013.01); H01G 9/2072 (2013.01); H10K 85/761 (2023.02); Y02E 10/542 (2013.01); Y02E 10/549 (2013.01)] | 17 Claims |

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1. A voltaic cell comprising:
(a) a buffer comprising an ionically conductive medium, and an electron siphon population, the ionically conductive medium comprising a non-photosynthetic species of microbe and a photosynthetic species of microbe,
wherein the photosynthetic species of microbe comprises light-harvesting antennae;
(b) a vessel at least partially containing the buffer;
(c) an anode configured for providing electrons to an external circuit or load; and
(d) a cathode.
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