| CPC G02B 27/0081 (2013.01) [G02B 27/0012 (2013.01); G02B 27/0172 (2013.01); G02B 27/4205 (2013.01)] | 20 Claims |

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1. A diffractive optical waveguide for optical pupil expansion, comprising:
a waveguide substrate comprising a coupling-in region;
a coupling-in grating disposed on or in the waveguide substrate and located in the coupling-in region, and configured to couple input light into the waveguide substrate to cause the input light to propagate within the waveguide substrate through total reflection;
wherein the coupling-in grating comprises a plurality of coupling-in grating blocks arranged randomly and continuously, the plurality of coupling-in grating blocks have the same period, and at least two coupling-in grating blocks of the plurality of coupling-in grating blocks have different duty cycles, wherein,
a first coupling-in grating block of the at least two coupling-in grating blocks comprises a plurality of grating units, and each grating unit of the first coupling-in grating block has a first duty cycle,
a second coupling-in grating block of the at least two coupling-in grating blocks comprises a plurality of grating units, and each grating unit of the second coupling-in grating block has a second duty cycle,
the first duty cycle is different from the second duty cycle;
wherein in a first direction, a duty cycle of at least one third coupling-in grating block of the plurality of coupling-in grating blocks is greater than duty cycles of two coupling-in grating blocks adjacent to the at least one third coupling-in grating block along the first direction, and the third coupling-in grating block is located between the first coupling-in grating block and the second coupling-in grating block; and/or
in a second direction, a duty cycle of at least one fourth coupling-in grating block of the plurality of coupling-in grating blocks is smaller than duty cycles of two coupling-in grating blocks adjacent to the at least one fourth coupling-in grating block along the second direction, and the fourth coupling-in grating block is located between the first coupling-in grating block and the second coupling-in grating block.
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