acquiring target data to be error-corrected;

performing error correction on the target data using an error-correcting code (ECC) to obtain first ECC-corrected data;

responsive to determining that the first ECC-corrected data have one or more first errors, correcting the target data using a target neural network to obtain network-corrected data, wherein the network-corrected data comprise a version of the target data corrected by the target neural network;

responsive to determining that the network-corrected data have one or more second errors,

responsive to the performing of the error correction on the updated target data being successful, determining the second ECC-corrected data as error-corrected target data which are error free.