| CPC H01M 8/1044 (2013.01) [H01M 4/9083 (2013.01); H01M 8/1004 (2013.01)] | 13 Claims |

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1. A cathode catalyst layer comprising:
a support substrate having a pore-free surface region and a porous surface region having a plurality of pores;
a first electrolyte in direct contact with the pore-free surface region; and
a second electrolyte contained within the plurality of pores, the second electrolyte being different from the first electrolyte, the second electrolyte being an ionic liquid.
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