| CPC H10F 77/12 (2025.01) [C01G 21/006 (2013.01); H10F 10/174 (2025.01); H10F 71/128 (2025.01); H10F 77/148 (2025.01); H10F 77/164 (2025.01); C01P 2002/34 (2013.01); C01P 2006/40 (2013.01)] | 20 Claims |

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1. A photovoltaic device, comprising a photoactive crystalline material layer, wherein the photoactive crystalline material layer comprises a first region;
in the first region, the photoactive crystalline material layer comprises a penetrating crystal grain, wherein the penetrating crystal grain is a crystal grain penetrating through the photoactive crystalline material layer, and a percentage p of a quantity of penetrating crystal grains in a total quantity of crystal grains in the first region of the photoactive crystalline material layer is ≥80%; and
in the first region, the photoactive crystalline material layer comprises a backlight side and a backlight crystal grain, wherein the backlight crystal grain is a crystal grain having at least one face exposed to the backlight side, and the face of the backlight crystal grain exposed to the backlight side is a backlight crystal face, wherein
the backlight side has an average flatness index Ravg, wherein 10≤Ravg≤70; and
Ravg of the backlight side is calculated according to the following formula:
![]() wherein Ri is flatness index of the i-th backlight crystal grain in the first region, and Ri is calculated according to the following formula:
Ri=di/hi
wherein di is width of a backlight crystal face of the i-th backlight crystal grain in the first region;
hi is protrusion height of the backlight crystal face of the i-th backlight crystal grain in the first region; and
n is quantity of all backlight crystal grains in the first region.
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