| CPC H01L 23/57 (2013.01) [H04L 9/3278 (2013.01); H10D 62/115 (2025.01)] | 20 Claims |

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1. A physical unclonable function (PUF) generator, comprising:
a substrate; and
semiconductor units, wherein each of the semiconductor units comprises:
an isolation structure located in the substrate and having a first protrusion portion and a recess, wherein the first protrusion portion and the recess are adjacent to each other;
a first conductive line located above the first protrusion portion and the recess; and
a second conductive line located above the first conductive line, wherein
at least one short circuit randomly exists between at least one of the first conductive lines and at least one of the second conductive lines in at least one of the semiconductor units, and
an entire bottom surface of the second conductive line is a flat surface.
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