| CPC G05B 13/042 (2013.01) [G01R 31/367 (2019.01); G01R 31/3842 (2019.01); G01R 31/389 (2019.01); G06F 17/11 (2013.01); G05B 13/04 (2013.01); G06F 17/13 (2013.01); G06F 17/14 (2013.01); G06F 17/16 (2013.01); G06F 17/18 (2013.01)] | 23 Claims |

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1. A circuit comprising:
a driver circuit configured to provide a first signal to a battery;
sense circuitry configured to provide a second signal by sensing a response of the battery to the first signal; and
a parameter estimator circuit configured to:
determine a measured impedance of the battery under a measurement condition based on the second signal;
determine first values of multiple capacitance parameters, multiple resistance parameters, and mode time constants of an impedance model of the battery based on the measured impedance, in which the first values reflect the measurement condition of the battery, the capacitance parameters contribute to first real and imaginary components of the impedance model, and the resistance parameters contribute to second real and imaginary components of the impedance model, wherein the mode time constants correspond to at least one of: a degree of discharge of the battery, a temperature of the battery, or an age of the battery, and wherein the mode time constants are based on a starting condition parameter;
start an iterative process of determining values of the capacitance parameters and resistance parameters by providing the first values to a parameter convergence model as initial values; and
end the iterative process based on the parameter convergence model indicating that the values of the capacitance parameters and resistance parameters reaching a target tolerance, and provide the values at the end of the iterative process as final values of the capacitance parameters and resistance parameters.
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