| CPC G01N 27/028 (2013.01) | 20 Claims |

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1. A method comprising:
using a measurement system including an electronic circuit to characterize a response signal for detecting physical characteristics of a material under test (MUT), by:
transmitting an excitation signal into the MUT and transmitting a reference signal to a set of magnitude and phase (M/P) detectors;
receiving the response signal from the MUT based on the excitation signal;
comparing a magnitude and phase of the response signal with a corresponding detection range for one of the M/P detectors;
comparing a magnitude and phase of the reference signal with a corresponding detection range for each of two of the M/P detectors; and
adjusting at least one of the excitation signal or the reference signal based on the comparisons.
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