| CPC C02F 1/4672 (2013.01) [C02F 1/46104 (2013.01); C02F 2101/308 (2013.01); C02F 2101/34 (2013.01); C02F 2101/38 (2013.01); C02F 2103/343 (2013.01); C02F 2305/02 (2013.01)] | 21 Claims |

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1. A method for oxidation of a substrate, the method comprising:
combining a macrocyclic ligand and metal complex catalyst, an electrolyte, the substrate, and water to form an aqueous composition; and
applying an electrical voltage to the aqueous composition and oxidizing the substrate in the presence of the catalyst, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one of the following structures:
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