| CPC B01J 35/33 (2024.01) [B01J 20/20 (2013.01); B01J 21/04 (2013.01); B01J 21/18 (2013.01); B01J 23/08 (2013.01); B01J 23/745 (2013.01); B01J 23/755 (2013.01); B01J 29/7065 (2013.01); B01J 35/56 (2024.01); B01J 37/084 (2013.01); B01J 37/18 (2013.01); C01B 3/047 (2013.01); C01B 3/26 (2013.01); C01B 3/384 (2013.01); C01B 32/205 (2017.08); C01B 32/40 (2017.08); C01P 2002/82 (2013.01); C01P 2006/40 (2013.01)] | 30 Claims |
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1. A joule heating structure, comprising a three-dimensional substrate having an electrically conductive carbon network coated on a surface of the substrate, wherein the electrically conductive carbon network has a G/D Raman spectral intensity ratio in a range of from 1 to 6, and a resistivity in a range of from 0.8 Ω-m to 300 Ω-m.
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