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1. A method of forming a 3D graphene material adhered to a substrate, the method comprising: providing a carbon source on or immediately adjacent to a surface of the substrate, the carbon source comprising carbon-containing material; and using a laser beam, wherein the substrate is substantially transparent to the laser beam, and the laser beam is transmitted through the substrate to an interface between the substrate and the carbon source, wherein the laser beam is absorbed and heats the carbon source locally, to convert at least a portion of the carbon source into a 3D graphene material adhered to the substrate via an interface layer formed by the laser beam, the interface layer bonding the 3D graphene material to the substrate, wherein the laser beam to which at least a portion of the carbon source and at least a portion of the substrate is exposed has power between 1.2 W and 24 W, and wherein the laser beam to which at least a portion of the carbon source and at least a portion of the substrate is exposed is a pulsed laser beam with a pulse duration in the range between 1 μs and 50 μs.
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