a) heating the shape-memory stamp to a temperature above the transition temperature;

b) contacting the shape-memory stamp with a donor substrate while the shape-memory stamp is above the transition temperature, wherein the donor substrate has a first surface and a set of protrusions extending from the first surface along an axis to a second surface, the second surface being opposite and axially spaced apart from the first surface, the second surface being planar, wherein the donor substrate has a thin film disposed on the second surface and contacting the shape-memory stamp with the donor substrate comprises contacting a surface of the shape-memory stamp with the thin film;

c) while the surface of the shape-memory stamp is in contact with the thin film, cooling the shape-memory stamp to a temperature below the transition temperature, thereby temporarily fixing the shape-memory polymer and the shape-memory stamp, such that the shape-memory polymer and the shape-memory stamp are in a temporarily fixed state;

d) separating the shape-memory stamp in the temporarily fixed state from the donor substrate, thereby picking up the thin film from the donor substrate with the shape-memory stamp in the temporarily fixed state, such that the shape-memory stamp in the temporarily fixed state includes the thin film on the surface thereof after being separated from the donor substrate, such that the shape-memory stamp is in a printed temporarily fixed state and has a printed surface;

e) contacting the printed surface of the shape-memory stamp in the printed temporarily fixed state with a top surface of a receiver substrate;

f) heating the shape-memory stamp in the printed temporarily fixed state to a temperature above the transition temperature while in contact with the top surface of the receiver substrate, thereby depositing the thin film on the top surface; and

g) after heating the shape-memory stamp in the printed temporarily fixed state to a temperature above the transition temperature, separating the shape-memory stamp from the receiver substrate, wherein the thin film remains on the top surface of the receiver substrate after the shape-memory stamp is separated from the receiver substrate, thereby transferring the thin film onto the top surface of the receiver substrate, the thin film transferred to the top surface of the receiver substrate being a printed element having an average size of from 1 nanometer (nm) to 100 micrometers (microns, μm).