| CPC C25B 1/26 (2013.01) [C25B 1/24 (2013.01); C25B 11/02 (2013.01); C25B 11/044 (2021.01); B82Y 30/00 (2013.01)] | 17 Claims |

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1. A method for electrochemically producing a halogen, comprising:
contacting a halide ion in acidic or alkaline electrolyte media with a heteroatom-doped carbon catalyst in an electrochemical cell, wherein the halide ion is present in the acidic or alkaline electrolyte media at a concentration of from 10 mM to less than 500 mM, and applying a current or potential to the electrochemical cell to produce the halogen,
wherein the heteroatom-doped carbon catalyst comprises a heteroatom selected from nitrogen, phosphorous, boron, sulfur, chlorine, a transition metal, or a combination thereof; and
wherein the heteroatom-doped carbon catalyst is present as a nanostructure selected from the group consisting of a herringbone structure, a stacked platelet, a stacked cup, a graphene sheet, or a combination thereof.
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