| CPC H03M 13/23 (2013.01) [H04L 1/006 (2013.01); H03M 13/41 (2013.01); H04L 1/0054 (2013.01)] | 20 Claims |

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11. A method performed by a receiver of a communication system, the method comprising:
receiving a signal encoded based on polarization-adjusted convolutional (PAC) coding from a transmitter;
calculating branch metrics of branches defined in a trellis associated with the PAC;
calculating a path metric based on an accumulated sum of the branch metrics;
determining a path assigned to each state based on the path metric; and
estimating a codeword based on the determined path,
wherein a number of paths assigned to each state is dynamically determined according to the number of active states, and
wherein the active state includes at least one branch.
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