| CPC A61L 2/18 (2013.01) [A61L 9/145 (2013.01); C02F 1/50 (2013.01); C12Q 1/02 (2013.01); C12Q 1/04 (2013.01); G01N 1/12 (2013.01); G01N 1/16 (2013.01); G01N 1/2214 (2013.01); G01N 1/2273 (2013.01); G01N 1/2813 (2013.01); G01N 33/1826 (2013.01); G01N 33/497 (2013.01); A61L 2209/21 (2013.01); A61L 2209/22 (2013.01); C02F 2303/04 (2013.01); G01N 2001/1056 (2013.01); G01N 2001/2826 (2013.01); G01N 33/184 (2024.05); G01N 2333/37 (2013.01)] | 12 Claims |

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1. A method of killing pathogens, comprising:
providing a structure that comprises an open-cell polymer foam;
incorporating biochar into the open-cell polymer foam or coupling biochar to the structure;
impregnating the open-cell polymer foam of the structure with a hydronium-based disinfectant that is configured to kill pathogens; and
exposing the disinfectant-impregnated open-cell polymer foam of the structure to the pathogens such that the disinfectant-impregnated open-cell polymer foam of the structure contacts and kills the pathogens.
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