| CPC A61F 7/007 (2013.01) [G01K 1/143 (2013.01); G01K 13/20 (2021.01); A41D 13/005 (2013.01); A61F 2007/0035 (2013.01); A61F 2007/0075 (2013.01); A61F 2007/0093 (2013.01)] | 11 Claims |

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1. A method of manipulating a temperature of an external skin surface of a user, the method comprising:
generating a plurality of thermal pulses in succession at the external skin surface of the user, wherein the plurality of thermal pulses cycle a temperature at the external skin surface between at least a first temperature and a second temperature, wherein the plurality of thermal pulses include a first temperature adjustment from the first temperature to the second temperature at an average rate of temperature change between 0.1° C./sec and 10.0° C./sec over a first time period between 1 second and 10 seconds, and a second temperature adjustment from the second temperature to the first temperature over a second time period longer than the first time period, and wherein a difference in magnitude between the first temperature and the second temperature is less than 10° C.
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