| CPC H04L 9/0861 (2013.01) [H04L 9/0825 (2013.01); H04L 9/085 (2013.01); H04L 9/3247 (2013.01)] | 20 Claims |

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1. A method, comprising:
accessing data by a first device, wherein the data is accessed via an intermediary data transfer mechanism, wherein the intermediary data transfer mechanism comprises a hard drive, a memory card, a quick response (QR) code, a modem, a one-way link, a printed paper and a camera, or a scanner, and wherein the first device is offline with respect to at least a second device;
accessing, by the first device, a first secret share generated based on a first secret key;
sending, by the first device to the second device via the intermediary data transfer mechanism, at least one of: a commitment on a value that is calculated based on the first secret key or a non-interactive zero-knowledge proof of knowledge of the first secret key;
after the sending, partially signing the data, by the first device, using the first secret share; and
providing the second device access to the partially signed data at a time the first device is offline with respect to the second device;
wherein the partially signed data enables the second device to generate further signed data that corresponds to a public key generated based on a plurality of secret shares including the first secret share and a second secret share.
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