| CPC H10K 77/10 (2023.02) [H10K 59/124 (2023.02); H10K 59/12 (2023.02); H10K 59/1201 (2023.02)] | 12 Claims |

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1. A display apparatus comprising:
a substrate including a first base layer, a second base layer arranged over the first base layer, and a first barrier layer disposed between the first base layer and the second base layer;
a first thin-film transistor arranged over the substrate and including a first semiconductor layer and a first gate electrode; and
a second thin-film transistor arranged over the substrate and including a second semiconductor layer and a second gate electrode,
wherein the first barrier layer includes a first sub-layer and a second sub-layer disposed on the first sub-layer, the first sub-layer including an inorganic material and the second sub-layer including amorphous silicon and crystallized silicon, and not including a conductive material,
wherein the first semiconductor layer includes a silicon-based semiconductor material, and the second semiconductor layer includes an oxide-based semiconductor material,
wherein the first thin-film transistor and the second thin-film transistor are disposed in a display area comprising a pixel circuit connected to an organic light-emitting diode,
wherein the second sub-layer includes a top surface having a surface roughness, which represents an unevenness in heights made by each of upper peaks and each of lower valleys in at least one part of the top surface, in a range from 0.02 nm to 0.5 nm, and
wherein the second sub-layer has a hydrogen concentration of from 4.0E+21 atom/cm3 to 6.0E+21 atom/cm3, and the hydrogen concentration included in the second sub-layer controls the surface roughness of the top surface of the second sub-layer.
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