| CPC H10F 19/80 (2025.01) [H10F 71/128 (2025.01); H10F 71/129 (2025.01); H10F 77/311 (2025.01); H10F 77/707 (2025.01)] | 18 Claims |

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1. A solar cell, comprising:
a substrate having a front surface and a back surface opposite to the front surface;
a first passivation layer formed over the front surface of the substrate, a second passivation layer formed over the first passivation layer, and a third passivation layer formed over the second passivation layer; wherein the first passivation layer includes a dielectric material; the second passivation layer includes a first SiuNv material, wherein v/u is in the range of 1.3 to 1.7; and the third passivation layer includes a SirOs material, and wherein s/r is in the range of 1.9 to 3.2, wherein the third passivation layer includes a first silicon oxide sub-layer formed over the second passivation layer, a second silicon oxide sub-layer formed over the first silicon oxide sub-layer, and a third silicon oxide sub-layer formed over the second silicon oxide sub-layer, wherein in a direction perpendicular to the front surface, the first silicon oxide sub-layer has a thickness in a range of 10 nm to 20 nm, the second silicon oxide sub-layer has a thickness in a range of 20 nm to 30 nm, and the third silicon oxide sub-layer has a thickness in a range of 30 nm to 40 nm; and
a tunneling oxide layer formed over the back surface of the substrate and a doped conductive layer formed over the tunneling oxide layer.
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