| CPC H01L 23/53238 (2013.01) [H01L 21/76844 (2013.01); H01L 21/76846 (2013.01); H01L 21/76849 (2013.01); H01L 21/76865 (2013.01); H01L 23/5226 (2013.01)] | 21 Claims |

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13. A method, comprising:
forming an opening through one or more first dielectric layers and over a first conductive structure that is included in a second dielectric layer;
forming a graphene barrier layer on sidewalls of the opening;
performing a surface treatment of the graphene barrier layer to create nucleation sites in the graphene barrier layer;
forming, using the nucleation sites, one or more metal liner layers over the graphene barrier layer;
forming a second conductive structure in the opening over the first conductive structure and over the one or more metal liner layers; and
forming a cobalt capping layer over the second conductive structure.
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