| CPC G01N 33/5438 (2013.01) [C07K 5/1019 (2013.01); C07K 5/1021 (2013.01); C07K 7/06 (2013.01); G01N 27/026 (2013.01); G01N 27/3276 (2013.01)] | 21 Claims |

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1. An electrode for use in electrochemical sensing of a target species, which electrode comprises:
(i) an electrically conductive substrate;
(ii) a peptide monolayer comprising a plurality of peptide molecules that are each:
(a) disposed on the substrate;
(b) attached to a redox active species; and
(c) attached to a receptor that is capable of binding to the target species;
wherein:
the peptide molecules are each from three to five amino acid residues in length, including a first terminal amino acid residue that is adjacent to the substrate and a second terminal amino acid; and
the redox active species and the receptor are each attached to the second terminal amino acid;
the attachment to one of the redox active species and the receptor is via a free amine or carboxylic acid group of the second terminal amino acid, and the attachment of the other of the redox active species and the receptor is via a reactive side group present in the second terminal amino acid; and
in each peptide molecule one of the first terminal amino acid residue and the second terminal amino acid is a C-terminus of the peptide molecule and the other of the first terminal amino acid residue and the second terminal amino acid is an N-terminus of the peptide molecule.
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