obtaining, based on received information and an original left-to-right table comprising left-to-right messages associated with nodes of a plurality of processing elements, PEs, for belief propagation, BP, decoding, an original right-to-left table comprising right-to-left messages associated with the nodes;

searching for, based on the original left-to-right table and the original right-to-left table, a conflict verification processing element, VPE, in the plurality of PEs, the conflict VPE being a VPE for which the left-to-right messages associated with the most-left nodes affecting the left-to-right message associated with its left-upper node indicate frozen bits and the left-to-right messages associated with the most-left nodes affecting the left-to-right message associated with its left-lower node indicate frozen bits and information bits, and having a negative sign for the right-to-left message associated with its left-upper node;

updating the original right-to-left table based on the conflict VPE to obtain a plurality of potential right-to-left tables; and

performing the BP decoding based on the respective one of the plurality of potential right-to-left tables.