| CPC G06T 15/06 (2013.01) [G06T 3/40 (2013.01); G06T 7/70 (2017.01); G06T 7/90 (2017.01); G06V 10/761 (2022.01); G06T 2207/20081 (2013.01); G06T 2207/20084 (2013.01)] | 20 Claims |

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1. A method comprising one or more computing devices performing operations comprising:
accessing an input image of a three-dimensional (3D) environment, the input image comprising a plurality of pixels, wherein each pixel of the plurality of pixels comprises a pixel color;
determining a camera location based on the input image of the 3D environment;
determining a ray from the camera location in a direction of a pixel of the plurality of pixels;
integrating sampled information from a volumetric representation of the 3D environment along the ray from the camera location to obtain an integrated color corresponding to the pixel;
training a machine learning (ML) model configured to predict a density and a color of the 3D environment, the training comprising minimizing a loss function using a scaling factor that is determined based on a distance between the camera location and a point along the ray, the loss function defined based on a difference between the integrated color and the pixel color of the pixel; and
outputting the trained ML model for use in rendering an output image of the 3D environment.
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